Life and Talent of Edgar Allan Poe - 906 Words

Edgar Allen Poe was bone in Boston on January 19 1809 to David and Elizabeth Poe. He lost his parents at the age of two years and had to be adopted by John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan. John Allan was a very wealthy man but he only gave Edgar a third of his school requirements and this alienated him from Edgar. When Allan’s wife dies Edgar also decides to move out because he could not put up with John Allan. Edgar loved poetry from a tender age. He even wrote verses to girls that he developed feelings for. He could have had his first poetry book published by the age of 14 years but there was no support both from his teachers and his adoptive parents. In the course of his life Edgar became an alcoholic and mentally disturbed and this enhanced his writing skills. He created his characters trough imagination to show mystery and adventure. It is fair enough to say that Edgar is among the greatest literature writer of the twentieth century. He dealt with several themes in his works. When you go through his works you will come across these topics of death, love and dreams just as examples. Death is a common theme in most of his works. When you talk of horror stories it will be unfair if Edgars name is not mentioned. He mostly uses death to bring out horror as well as bringing feelings of deep sadness and very strange happenings. For example in his work â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† A kingdom is under threat of a deadly disease by the name â€Å"Red Death†. The princeShow MoreRelatedMysteries in the Life of Edgar Allan Poe1277 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe There are many mysteries about the life of Edgar Allan Poe. While many are just legends, our dear poets life has many different tales. There are endless stories, and little truths. While it may be hard finding the stories in the writer’s life, they are not impossible. Edgar Allan Poe’s life was anything but easy. Most of his life was spent heartbroken and alone. He was a man gifted with amazing talent but the world failed to recognize his talents until after his death. Many believeRead MoreThe Life Of Edgar Allan Poe1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Poets are shameless with their experiences: they exploit them.† ― Friedrich Nietzsche The life of Edgar Allan Poe s was short and mysterious - just like the lives of the heroes of his stories. And like his fictional heroes, Poe was passionate about painful, strange, gloomy existence of the human soul. The contradictory and unstable, inclined to extravagant whims and binges, he seemed to haveRead MoreAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Black Cat 1650 Words   |  7 PagesBrittany White Mrs. Bey English 1101 1 April 2015 A Day in the Life Edgar Allan Poe is a very talked about writer. He has a dark, mysterious, gothic writing style. Poe was a troubled man that struggled in a lot of different areas in his life. It is believed that all of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories were connected to his tragic life events. â€Å"The Black Cat† is one of Edgar’s well-known short stories. It is about a man that endured a series of tragic events. This man was very feminine and his lackRead MoreEssay on A Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe617 Words   |  3 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a famous author, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe wrote Mystery, Horror, and detective fiction. Edgar Allen Poe had a difficult life; he had troubles with family, employment, and depression which ended his life. Edgar was born on January 19th 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. His mother died when he was 2 and his father abandoned him and his siblings as a child. After he was given up for adoption at a young age, soon was adopted by the AllanRead MoreA Party To Die For: â€Å"The Masque Of The Red Death† By Edgar1677 Words   |  7 Pages A Party to Die For: â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† by Edgar Allan Poe No one can escape from the grip of death. This simple fact is the only thing that is truly known about any human life on this planet. We can try to live forever but in the end, everything was done in vain. The is a very common theme throughout the stories of one Edgar Allan Poe who was an American author during the mid-1800’s. His gothic style has appealed the masses even into the 21st century due to his dark settings and suspensefulRead MoreThe Death Of Edgar Allan Poe1490 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay is about Edgar Allan Poe and how is often disturbing stories and poems were a direct reflection of the chaotic and sad filled life. Poe had many people in his life die around him and this was the reason for his fascination and some say obsession with â€Å"death.† Of course, Poe is most famous for writing many stories and mysteries that centered on murder, suicide, and overall macabre themes. Many people throughout time have been astonished by his many writings calli ng them â€Å"stories writtenRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe964 Words   |  4 Pages Essay 1 In the poem â€Å"The Raven†, Edgar Allan Poe expresses a current state of drunkenness, drug use, and depression as existing in a dark and dreary prison like setting, tormented by the memories of a lost love. Poe’s literary career was undoubtedly influenced by the many tragedies he suffered in his life. These misfortunes are evident in the correlation between his characters in his writings and real life events. It is clear that Poe had a problematic life from a young age; he struggled with mentalRead MoreSymbolism and analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher Essay829 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is undoubtedly one of American Literatures legendary and prolific writers, and it is normal to say that his works touched on many aspects of the human psyche and personality. While he was no psychologist, he wrote about things that could evoke the reasons behind every persons character, whether flawed or not. Some would say his works are of the horror genre, succee ding in frightening his audience into trying to finish reading the book in one sitting, but making them think beyondRead MoreThe Mysterious Life of Edgar Allan Poe1660 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent genres. But, some people like a story that is short and to the point; Edgar Allan Poe is an author who can provide that. Although he had a rough life, Poe worked very hard to become the skillful author that is known today. Some people like horror stories and others like romances. Edgar Allan Poe is a widely accepted poet and author. He is known for his sullen horror stories and all of the tragedies in his life. Two of his most known stories are â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Fall of the HouseRead MoreTragedies Influence Poes Works749 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduced by tragedies early in his life, Edgar Allan Poe became one of the most successful writers, poets, and storytellers to ever live. Edgar Allan Poe had the intelligence to do anything he wanted to do, however, the pain of losing his loved ones always seemed to drive him towards a pen and paper. His emotions never failed to show through his writings, which helped the story line touch the readers. Poe became very close to several different women but each would die shortly after he came to love

Causes and Effects of Work Related Stress - 613 Words

Work related stress Introduction: Work related stress is response to the conflict between work demand and individual’s needs. According to world health organization (WHO; 1986) When people are presented with work demands and pressures that is contrast to their knowledge and skills and challenge their abilities, those work demands and pressures result in the response called work related stress. Work related stress could occur at any level of organization including managers and lower faculty. Causes: Normally work related stress occurs in poor and unsatisfactory working conditions but it become more severe when the supervisors and colleagues do not support their subordinates. Second reason for work related stress is poor work design means if the job is designed in such a way that employer do not have control over the work or they it would lead to the work related stress. Thirdly poor management also create work related stress as If the managers are not able to control the system in efficient way it would create disturbance in the organization leading to work related stress or sometimes when the management system is changed most of the employers are not able to adapt to the change and become the victim of stress. Fourthly the extreme workload leads to the work related stress because in such condition employees do not find proper time for mental relaxation. Fifth reason of work related stress is fear of losing the job. Several other reasons could also create the work relate dShow MoreRelatedWork Related Stress Among Working Women -a Cause Effect Analysis1527 Words   |  7 PagesA STUDY OF WORKPLACE STRESS AMONG WORKING WOMEN- THE CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS MRS LINA SADEKAR, MRS SHAMI PAI, ASSISTANT PROFESSORS, VVM’S SHREE DAMODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS, MARGAO GOA. INTRODUCTION: The American Institute of Stress estimates that work- related stress costs American businesses about $300 billion every year in lower productivity, higher absenteeism, low turnover rate, alcoholism, and medical costs. Today, chronic work-related stress is not just an American afflictionRead MoreWorkplace Stress Among The Employee951 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Stress among the Employee in Insurance sector: A study 1. Introduction Stress is a part of daily living. It is an adaptive response. Stress occurs at the workplace when there is a mismatch between the expectations of the employee and demand of the employer. Stress basically reduces a person’s ability to perform and think differently which is bad for everyRead MoreEssay on Stress In The Workplace532 Words   |  3 Pagesaffects that stress can have on an employees performance and are offering different programs to help employees manage stress in their lives. This approach is proving to increase workplace performance, as well as improve employee loyalty and retention in the long run. What Causes Stress? Causes and Concerns Stress has been defined as a physiologic reaction to uncomfortable or unaccustomed physical or psychological stimuli. The biological variations that can result from stress of the sympatheticRead More Managing Exam Stress Essays1232 Words   |  5 PagesDefine stress: Stress is the body’s natural response to a threatening situation, and stress causes the release of hormones such as adrenaline, that prepare the body for its instinctual response to a threat: flight, fight or freeze. The adrenaline causes processes in your body to change, for example, your breathing and heart rate quicken, your senses sharpen, muscles tighten and your blood pressure is raised. These changes allow your reaction time to increase, which could mean the difference betweenRead MoreStress and Eustress: Adult Nurse and Mental Health Nursing1535 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologist’s approach stress and define it as a bodily response to demands, physically and emotionally; the behavioural response to events that are threatening and challenging to a person. According to Hans Seyle (1956), he states that stress is ‘the nonspecific response of the body to any demands’. The eustress is also used to describe stress as arousing and exciting. For exampl e a nurse would use stress in order to perform well. It might be true suffering from stress which is unbearable, unpleasantRead MoreManagement and Common Health Issues Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesDepression Depression in the workplace affects productivity as one in 5 employees is affected by depression at any one time leading to higher rates of absenteeism and presenteeism which causes three times less productivity than a healthy employee. Depression can affect employees productivity, judgement, ability to work with others, and overall job performance Strategies or standard approaches to address the issue of Depression in the Workplace Develop a positive environment that supports employeesRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Individuals Physical And Psychological Health1529 Words   |  7 Pagesrather the amount of time that one spends thinking about work or work-related tasks. Some feel guilt during leisure time if they are not completing a task, and others bring their work with them on vacation. Workaholism is an increasing problem that is not being fully addressed because it is viewed as â€Å"productive, however the more time one spends working, the less productive they become, and the more likely they are to have a work related accident. Overworking can have a negative impact on an individual’sRead MoreStress Of Nursing Leadership And Management1549 Words   |  7 PagesStress of Nursing Leadership and Management On a daily basis, everyone experiences stress. Stressful situation without making adjustments can effects your health and well-being. For example, I worked as a charge nurse and mostly as a RN supervisor. This job requires to use managerial skills as well as clinical expertise. The work environment of the skilled nursing facility was mostly short staffed, lack of resources, and overloaded. I, as a charge nurse, was expected to always be available, to beRead MoreOrganizational Stress: Positive or Negative?1656 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿DDBA 8151 – Andrea Manzoni Discussion 1 Module 3 Organizational Stress: Positive or Negative? The increased uncertainty about the future, the global competition, lower living standards, the spreading disorganization and absence of leadership are just some of the causes that concur to generate organizational stress. Lazarus (as cited in Selart Johansen, 2011) defined stress as the physiological and psychological reaction of any individual against external factors called stressors. Several studiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Body s Normal State1402 Words   |  6 PagesStress is the body’s reaction to internal or external stimuli that upset the body’s normal state. A stimulus that causes stress that can physical, mental, or emotional. The term stress is used to refer to both the body’s reaction and the stimuli that caused it. The body’s reaction to highly stressful situations is known as the flight or fight response. Under stressful circumstances, quantities of adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that are released into the bloodstream. This stimulates

Displacement and doubt in post

Displacement and doubt in post-colonial literature Essay Whilst ambivalent to her identity, it can be said that Senior manipulated her creole language to have a wider range of people who themselves are as indecisive and culturally dynamic and as well, mark her identity. The manipulation of characters in a literary piece can reflect the writers views as well as their innermost struggles and conflicts. In Hurricane Story 1903 it is noted that Granny is instilled and rooted with her Jamaican culture. Likewise, this relates to Senior herself who tries to hold onto her Caribbean roots whilst remaining in Canada, despite her uncertainty of belonging. Renu Juneja in her discussion about Contemporary Women Writers2, states that as reaction to their prolonged invisibility in Literature, the women writers have offered literary works expressed with a female autobiographical sensibility and reflecting their past experiences. Jean Rhys is another West Indian writer whose life parallels with that of Olive Senior and others in the African diaspora. As a white girl growing up in a predominantly black community in Dominica, Rhys experienced levels of isolations and rejection but she however did migrate to England, only returning once to her homeland. Though critics have described her attitudes towards her home country as ambivalent and uncertain based on her experiences, she faced an inner conflict of self-doubt and nostalgic feelings. In the poem, Meditation on Red, Olive Senior makes references to Rhyss life, characters and themes in her novels such as Wide Sargasso Sea where Senior feels the same sentiments and connects with Rhys and her experiences through the pieces that dealt with the issues of displacement and isolation. Growing up in rural Jamaica enabled Senior to be conscious of her environment that facilitated her to manipulate the Edenic imagery and gardening motif in Gardening in the Tropics. I think one of the things that have also shaped my sensibilities as a writer is the intense beauty of the country in which I grew up in as I have internalized this landscape. Not lost on me as a child was the fact that the beautiful landscape marked a lot of hardship and pain and so on. 3 The landscape and scenery of her homeland symbolized the painful experiences by those Senior considered her people and as well represented her quest to dig into her own insecurities and uncertainties regarding her identity and place in society. It can be argued that the nostalgic reminiscence is presented in Meditation on Yellow where Senior writes I want to feel mellow, in that three oclock yellow where she muses on the suns glow at that time of the afternoon in such a tropical setting. This greatly contrasts to her environment now in Canada which varies drastically. It can be argued that Senior, though feeling displaced in her homeland and society on a whole, still admires and yearns for her country as this is seen in the gardening motif throughout Gardening in the Tropics. Bruce King in his introduction of the book, West Indian Literature, states that West Indian Literature is more about coming to terms with exile, rapid change and the desire to belong in a region of the world Many female West Indian writers of the African diaspora are subject to this exact sentiment and thus release their frustration and uncertainty through their work. Olive Senior and others effectively utilize their creative literary techniques to often display their feelings of displacement and ambivalence throughout their work. This is in fact often done, not as means of wanting to but instead fulfilling a need to provide a voice to others who may feel such ambivalence, likewise as Jean Rhys connected to Olive Senior. .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .postImageUrl , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:hover , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:visited , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:active { border:0!important; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:active , .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1 .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5274feeb33ba661e45214c9ef9dc1cb1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 EssayWord Count: 1,211 words.References Books Chamberlin, Edward (1993). Come Back to Me, My Language. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Dawes, Kwame (2001). Talk yuh talk: Interwiews with Anglophone Caribbean poets. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Gilbert, Helen ; Joanna Tompkins (1996). Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics. London: Routledge. King, Bruce Alvin (1995). West Indian Literature. London: Macmillan Publishers. Morris, Merlvyn (2005). Making West Indian Literature. Kingston 6, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. Nasta, Sushiela (1992). Motherlands: Black womens writing from Africa the Caribbean and South Asian. New Brunswick, Canada: Rutgers University Press. Scott, Helen C. (2006). Caribbean Women Writers and Globalization. London: Ashgate Pub Co. Websites Prose Quotes. Retrieved January 3, 2012, from http://thinkexist. com/quotes/with/keyword/prose Dawes Kwame, Kwame Dawes: The Use of Poetry (January 10, 2011), Retrieved January 2, 2012, from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=-FTJ7imc2ag;feature=related Ramon Paredes, Aristotles Definition of Tragedy. Retrieved January 2, 2012 from http://www. paredes. us/tragedy. html 1 Sushiela Nasta Motherlands: Black womens writing from Africa the Caribbean and South Asian 2 Chapter 8, Contemporary Women Writers, West Indian Literature 3 Quote from Olive Senior in an interview with Kwame Dawes in, Talk Yuh Talk .

Influencing the Subordinates or the Team Members Is the Major

Question: Discuss about Influencing the or the Team Members? Answer: Introduction Influencing the subordinates or the team members is the major role that is played by leaders (Coleman MacNicol 2015). A leader should instill a positive influence on the followers in order to help them to achieve set targets within the team or the organization. In normal circumstance, followers are not able to achieve some things, and therefore, the one in the leadership position play a vital role in the motivating the subordinates to help them reach their full potential. Leaders can adopt different styles of leadership, for example, some of the widely used styles of leadership include democracy leadership, autocracy leadership, transformational, leadership, laissez-fair leadership, and bureaucracy leadership. Despite the many leadership styles that are at the disposal of leaders, the transformational style of leadership has been identified as the most effective style of organizational leadership. This is because of the ability of a leader to motivate and inspire the followers to ac hieve the targets of the team involved (Northouse, 2010). There are various leadership theories and models that are used in the leadership situation; however, the theory and the style of leadership used is selected on the basis of the context and prevailing circumstances. Power and influence are vital elements of leadership because they determine the success of the individual in the leadership position. This essay will carry out a reflection on the results of my source of power and influence as a leader from various leadership assessment tools. It is also going to carry out a literature review on power and influence in leadership and conclude with an action plan to enhance my areas of weakness that I need to develop as a leader. Self-reflection Comparison of tool results with my leadership practice Based on the result of Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment questionnaire, I have very high internalized moral perspective and low self-awareness, relation transparency, and balanced processing. As a leader, I can regulate myself based on the values that I hold. My core values form the basis of my actions as a leader, and I am not easily influenced by pressure from other parties (Goodpasture, 2010). My high internalized moral perspective was evident in one of my recent leadership practice where I was working as an intern with one medium sized beauty products manufacturing firm. I was the leader of a team that was given a task to promote the products of the firm among the target audience. At some points, there was pressure to bribe some retailers to stock our products; however, I refused such practices despite suggestions by team members to do the same. I let the team members know my stand as a leader with integrity. However, my low self-awareness and poor relational transparency emer ged during that particular leadership as sometimes I failed to understand what motivates my decision-making process. The results of emotional intelligence questionnaire reveal that I am talented in managing and influencing my team members' emotions as a leader. The EI questionnaire shows that I have the ability to think in a clear manner and make responsible decisions even when I am under powerful emotion (Northouse, 2016). This was demonstrated I the same leadership task that when my team was promoting the beauty products. Product promotion is not an easy task, especially when dealing with the products of a little known firm. There were points when we were running below our daily targets because retail outlets were rejecting our products, and so the team members were tensed and worked up. Amidst these high emotions, I could still think clearly, make appropriate decisions, formulate and implement new and effective strategies that positively influenced the emotions of my team members to complete the task at hand. My high level of emotional intelligence has also been instrumental in my successful lea dership. According to (), the ability to motivate team members is vital for successful leadership. The EI questionnaire reveals that I have the ability to motivate myself and other as well. The impact of my ability to motivate others is clearly evident in my second leadership task as captain of the swimming pool of my university. Sporting activity is a challenging task, and its success depends on hard work and motivation (Yudhvir Sunita, 2012). As the leader of my college swimming team, I am acquainted with the various challenges that face a sports team, especially during competitions. After finishing third in the qualifiers of the annual swimming competition among campuses, my team was demoralized towards the final. However, as the leader, I successfully managed to mobilize and motivate them before the final, and this led to my team winning the competition. According to the big five locator questionnaire, I am a very open, highly agreeable, and sociable leader. These skills have been instrumental in the success of my leadership activities. As an open leader I am interested in new ideas; however, the results of the questionnaire also show that I am less adjustable as a leader. These contrasting characters have had conflicting impacts in my success as a leader (Houghton Yoho, 2005). This is because I receive new ideas, but I am unable to make new adjustments to incorporate the new ideas into practice. For instance, while promoting the beauty products, I would receive suggestions from my team members on to run a successful product promotion campaign. For example, delegation of duties and responsibilities and designing of clear goals and objectives; however, adjusting to the circumstances and incorporating the new ideas was a major challenge to me as the team leader. The leadership trait and leadership behavior questionnaire shows that I possess some important leadership traits and behaviors. As a leader, I am persistent, sociable, and cooperative. I am also a team player and consults widely before making decisions (Whitehead, Weiss, Tappen, 2010). These skills are important for successful leadership, and they helped me when I led the beauty product promotion team. These skills helped to relate well with potential clients and my team members as well. For leadership to be successful in the marketing sector, effective communication process is required from the side of the leader. It is required that the leader should formulate the guidelines, rules and regulations to be implemented by the followers. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the one in the leadership position to ensure that effective and reliable communication channels are implemented for effective and successful communication activities (Mumford et al., 2000). To realize this objectiv e, the leader should strive at winning the building trust of his subordinates so as to foster effective collaboration and teamwork among all members within the organizational setting to bring the desired results. The big five personality test reveal that I am extrovert and so I work well with others people within and outside of the teams that I am involved in. This trait is important because it encourages teamwork which is instrumental for successful leadership of a team (Hackman Ruth, 2007). As a leader, I am also very honest and open with people, and these enable me to win the trust of my subordinates, another vital factor in successful leadership. Despite this, the five-factor test reveal that I score very low in openness to experience. I do not pursue new experience or intellectual development; however, in the fast changing work environment, I should focus on pursuing experiences to enhance my knowledge and skills for better performance as a leader. Two areas or competencies for improvement that will enhance my power and influence The first area that I need to improve is my authentic leadership, particularly my self-awareness skills as a leader. The second competency that I need to improve is my emotional intelligence, particularly the social skills of leadership. Literature review According to Pandya (2014), power and influence are major components of successful organizational or team leadership. Power refers to the ability to bring about change and cause an influencing effect on the team members within the organization (Turner Mller, 2010). Similarly, influence refers ability to change the personal attitudes and beliefs of the team members to enable them to perform to meet the goals and objectives of the team. According to French and Raven's Five Forms of Power, there are several sources of power and influence as discussed below. Firstly, there is coercive power, which is oriented on the fear factor. Leaders who operate on coercive power influence people through intimidating communications, for example, failure to adhere to the rules and regulations result in punishment (Bacon, 2011). The second source of influence is the legitimate power that is derived from an individuals position or title as the one in leadership (Bacon, 2011). Those in a high leadership position can influence their followers because of the subordinates that the individual in the leadership position possesses the leadership right by virtue (Chiocchio, Kelloway, Hobbs, 2015). The third source of influence is the expert power. According to Kotler (1985), expert power is derived from the talent, skills, and knowledge that is held by the individual in leadership, for example, a neurosurgeon possesses expert power over aspiring neurosurgeons. Reward power is another source of influence that the one in leadership position holds (Bacon, 2011). T his is where the one in leadership wins the support of the subordinates by rewarding them for their achievements. Finally, is the referent power which is derived from the personal traits of the one in the leadership position (Winkler, 2010). These include traits such as charisma, charm, and creativity that makes the one in the leadership position to have an influence on the subordinates. Theories of power and influence in leadership Personal trait theory Various research studies have been carried on leadership within the society and in the workplace. According to Vroom (2003), the majority of these studies have focused on the examination of character traits that are present on the individual in leadership position. The focus on the leaders characters is commonly known as the personality trait theory of leadership. Researchers who focus on this approach argue that exceptional leaders are born with particular traits and characteristics that enable them to win the trust and influence their followers (Derue, Nahrgang, Welman, Humphrey, 2011). The identified exceptional leadership traits that are possessed by leaders include physical, emotional and cognitive personal characteristics. According to Riaz and Haider (2010), it is these features enables the leaders to successfully express their stand to the subordinates and this helps steers them to successful leadership positions. As a result, their followers provide them with full support be cause they are able to convince them. According to Peretomode (2012), there are several other qualities that every successful leader should possess based on the personal trait theory. It is the exceptional qualities that enable them to remain different from their followers. This point of argument has been contested by some researchers who argue that there is no difference between leaders and their followers. This is because there are some individuals who have the same characteristic that are described by personality trait theory; however, they do not make good leaders at all (Bouhali, et al., 2015). Behavioral theory This refers to leadership from the perspective of ability and skills, and it is much concerned with what leaders are able to do as well as their behaviors towards the group that they lead. The approach which is taken by skills is different from the approach taken by traits because skills can be acquired through learning, while on the other hand, traits cannot be learnt because they are inborn (Bell, 2013). Researchers in this field began to analyze the styles of leadership and the behavioral characteristics of the leaders themselves in order to understand the actions while at the helm of leadership. Under the behavioral approach of leadership, the various types and patterns of behaviors as follows. a) The concern for task is a pattern of leadership under this approach, whereby, the leaders are put an emphasis on achieving the goals and objectives of the people they lead. In this pattern, leaders look for options of maximizing the productivity of the population they lead, therefore, they have to find effective ways of organizing these people and lead them into courses of action that will help in achieving their goals and objectives. b) Concern for people is another pattern of leadership under this approach, and here the leaders are required to view their followers as human beings who have their own personal needs, developments, problems and interests. Therefore, they should be allowed to meet their needs as opposed to simply using them as a means of production (Latham, 2013). c) Direct leadership is another pattern under this approach, and it is a kind of leadership where leaders engage in processes of making major decisions on behalf of their subjects. They make these decisions with the expectations that their subordinates will follow. d) Finally is the participative pattern of leadership. This pattern involves consensus and leaders make decision by involving their subordinates. This pattern is very appropriate in terms of executing leadership duties to meet the interest of the followers. The literature review section above reveals some of the important aspects that I need to focus on for self-development as reveled by the reflection and self-analysis section in the first part of this assignment. The first area that I need to improve is my authentic leadership, particularly my self-awareness skills as a leader while the second competency that I need to improve is my emotional intelligence, particularly the social skills of leadership. In line with these aspects, I need to focus on developing my personal traits as a leader in order to gain more influence over my subordinates. As discussed in the behavioral theory, I need to focus more on the needs of my subordinates to enhance the influence of my followers as a leader (McClesky, 2014). This is because the followers will be more willing to comply to my leadership, hence, increased productivity. As discussed in the literature review, traits theory focuses on the leaders talent, skills, and knowledge. Therefore, I believe that focusing more on my individual self-awareness will also be instrumental in enabling me to make effective decision because I will be in a position to understand what motivates my decision making activities. Conclusion and action plan for development In summary, a leader plays a major role in motivating the subordinates to achieve the set goals and objectives. Power and influence play a major role in how the one in the leadership position influences his followers. According to French and Raven's Five Forms of Power, there are several sources of power and influence, for example, coercive, legitimate, referent, and reward power. Several researchers have carried out studies on the important aspects of leadership, and this has led to the emergence of various leadership theories and models. These include theories such as behavioral and personal trait theories of leadership. These theories stress on the importance of personal skills and characters of the leader, for example, critical thinking, effective decision making, and teamwork. As a leader, I possess effective leadership skills such as effective communication, critical thinking, teamwork and decision making. These personal traits have been instrumental in my success as a leader. However, based on the various leadership assessment tools, my major weakness as a leader are the lack of self-awareness and emotional intelligence. Action plan for self-development The various tools that were utilized to assess my leadership abilities above revealed both my strengths and weaknesses as a leader. Some of my major strengths as a leader include teamwork, effective communication and critical thinking skills that enable me to mobilize and influence my subordinates positively. However, the assessment tools also revealed two major areas of weakness that requires development as highlighted below: The first area that I need to improve is my authentic leadership, particularly my self-awareness skills as a leader. The second competency that I need to improve is my emotional intelligence, particularly the social skills of leadership. In order to develop these areas of weakness, I will use the following action plan to enhance my performance as a leader. Activity Timeline Goal Register for a course on leadership at my universitys school of management. June 1 to September 30 To enhance my general leadership skills. Read two books on emotional intelligence development. July 15 to June 30 To enhance my emotional intelligence skills, particularly the social skills. Attend a workshop on self-awareness. October 1 to November 30 To improve my self-awareness skills. Develop a list of 10 activities that are related to emotional intelligence and self-awareness to complete November 1 to December 30 To put my self-awareness and emotional intelligence skills into practice. References Bacon, T. R. (2011). The Elements of Power: Lessons on Leadership and Influence. New York, NY: AMACOM. Bell, R. M. (2013).Charismatic Leadership Case Study with Ronald Reagan as Exemplar. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 6(1), 66-74. Bouhali, R.et al. (2015). Leader Roles for Innovation: Strategic Thinking and Planning. Procedia-Social and behavioural sciences, 181, 72-78. Chiocchio, F., Kelloway, E., Hobbs, B. (2015).The Psychology and Management of Project Teams.New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Coleman, S. MacNicol, D. (2015).Project Leadership.Farnham, Surrey, UK Burlington, VT: Gower. Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J., Welman, N., Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioural Theories of leadership: an integration and Meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. Goodpasture, J. (2010).Project Management the Agile Way: Making it Work in the Enterprise.Ft. Lauderdale, FL: J. Ross Publishing. Hackman, J. R. Ruth, W. (2007). Asking the right questions about leadership: Discussion and conclusions. American Psychologist, 62(1), 43-47. Houghton, J. D., Yoho, S. K. (2005). Toward a Contingency Model of Leadership Psychological Empowerment: When Should Self-Leadership Be Encouraged? Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), 66-78. Kotler, J. P. (1985). Power and Influence. New York, NY: Free Press. Latham, G. P. (2013). Introduction to the Special Issue of the Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies. Journal of leadership and organizational studies, 20(1), 1-5. McClesky, J. A. (2014). Situational, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117-125. Mumford, M. D. et al. (2000). Patterns of leader characteristics: Implications for performance and development. Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 116-130. Northouse, P. G. (2010).Leadership: Theory and Practice.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Northouse,P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. 7th ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Pandya, K. D. (2014). The Key Competencies of Project Leader beyond the Essential Technical Capabilities. IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(4), 39-48. Peretomode, O. (2012). Situational and Contingency Theories of Leadership: Are They the Same? IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 4(3), 13-17. Riaz, A. Haider, M. H. (2010). Role of transformational and transactional leadership on job satisfaction and career satisfaction. Business and Economic Horizons, 1(1), 29-38. Turner, J. Mller, R. (2010).Project-Oriented Leadership.Farnham, Surrey, UK Burlington, VT: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Vroom, V. (2003). Educating Managers for Decision Making and Leadership. Management Decision, 41(10), 968-978. Whitehead, D. K., Weiss, S. A., Tappen, R. M. (2010). Essentials of nursing leadership and management. (5th Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Winkler, I. (2010).Contemporary Leadership Theories: Enhancing the Understanding of the Complexity, Subjectivity and Dynamic of Leadership. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Yudhvir, M. R. and Sunita, M. S. (2012). Employees motivation: theories and perspectives. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 1(2), 56-64.

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay Biograph: Mind and Best Friend Essay â€Å"Keep your head up high, and stay positive† is what I live by day to day because of my best friend Nita. She taught me so much in life from the experiences she had, the things she does and the wise words she says to me every day. I would never thought I have a best friend like her in my life. I think its crazy, because usually when I have a best friend, others would say â€Å"Oh they won't be around for a long time because friends come and go, even best friends.† But, Nita, she has been my best friend for awhile now. We have our up and downs but we manage to work it out unlike others. I notice that people never like to talk about how they feel about others, but she tells me anything that is on her mind. You could say that Nita is blunt, because she says whats on her mind and she speaks from the heart. I never seen anyone do that because others like to keep grudges. If it wasn't for Nita, I probably wouldn't be the person I am today; being open minded, telling anyon e how I feel or none of that. It's like the saying â€Å"closed mouths, don't get fed† so you should basically say something instead of being quiet. Nita is my best friend because she is the type of person who stays out of drama, do not mind anyone else business unless it involves with her and she is the nicest person you will ever meet. She respects everyone that is around her. To get respect, you have to give respect, that is just how it goes. If someone has a problem with her, she is the person who wants to go out of her way just to talk it out with you. Not a lot of people do that, they just let it be. The reason why I quoted

Robin Williams - Genie in a Bottle Essays - Fictional Detectives

Robin Williams - Genie in a Bottle Essays - Fictional Detectives Robin Williams - Genie in a Bottle Mr. McKean DE English 101 8/13/14 Genie in a Bottle Youre only given a little spark of madness, you musnt lose it, was a quote that I learned to be more helpful than any other throughout high school. On August 11, 2014, my idol Robin Williams gave his life away to a depression disorder at the age of 63. No words can describe the tragedy of losing this legendary actor of generations. This beautiful man that has been in the hearts of everyone from Disney-raised children, to their grandparents and on, putting laughs and tears of joy in the homes of every family across the globe. Mr. Williams is the soul of this paper which Ive written as both a personal rendition of his memory, and a jollity tribute to his influential life. I believe the world needs to reconnect to the dramatic influence that Robin Williams has had on the general population thereof. Regardless of being the son of Robert Fitzgerald Williams and Laura McLaurim; the senior executive at Ford for a father, and an ambitious model for a mother, Robin was often tormented in school by bullies for being overweight. To overcome his obesity problems, he joined the wrestling and track team, and began to use his humorous personality to make other children laugh as a way to gain their respect. Williams was raised as an only child and had much time alone with which to develop his imagination, often by memorizing Jonathan Winters' comedy records (Robin Williams on AllMovie). Despite his humiliation as a child, he grew from it and journeyed onto a very promising path. Robin briefly studied political science and played soccer at Claremont Men's College. He began taking improvisational classes and found his lessons to be a grand success. After departing Claremont; he enrolled at Marin College for acting, from which he was granted a full scholarship to Julliard School in New York, w here he studied speech and drama from 1973-1976. His classical Julliard dramatic training coupled with his unequaled talents for improvisation led to award-winning roles as outrageous comic characters in "Mrs. Doubtfire" (1993) (Robin Williams). At first, Robin set out to become a standup comedian in the 1970s within the San Francisco and Los Angeles area, where he became very popular. One day a writer of Happy Days, a hit TV show in the 70s, five year old son mentioned that there should be an alien in the show. The producers went with it. After many back outs, someone mentioned noticing robin role-play as an alien at a showcase and he was immediately offered the part after the man in the interview asked Robin to sit, and instead he did a handstand on his chair. "Nanu, nanu" and "shazbot" became part of the cultural landscape just like the rainbow suspenders his character always wore. (Robin Williams Merged into the Memorable Characters He Created). The episodes were a hit and it spun off a series called Mork and Mindy. Robin played the main role of an alien (Mork) who came to earth to study human behavior. This show averaged 55 million to 65 million viewers per week on ABC and lasted 4 seasons. A consistent audience favorit e since he burst onto the small screen as a red-suited alien from planet Ork in 1978, the irrepressible and irreverent Robin Williams fittingly enjoyed one of Hollywood's most unique and long-lasting careers (Robin Williams). In 1982, Robin, like many Hollywood stars, became involved in the world of drug abuse. Beginning his battle with alcohol, and specifically cocaine addiction, this marked the downfall of his personal life. Robins addiction played a destructive factor in his marriage with Valerie Velardi. On the big screen, this man was the idol of many children and adults alike, joining in the laughs and excitements of his many roles, but off stage, he had his own demons waiting to bring him his demise. Robin said, "For me, its therapy. It's another world for me. Because I was trained as an actor and I started doing comedy because I couldn't find any work in plays," (Robin Williams Merged). Robin faced a physical weight problem in his childhood, and now he faced the weight of stardom.

Hypothesis Testing & Variance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothesis Testing & Variance - Research Paper Example T test was conducted to determine if there is a difference in the intrinsic satisfaction of male and female employees. Table 1 shows that the p value is 0.40 which is greater than alpha. Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that female employees have a higher intrinsic job satisfaction than male employees. Specifically, there is no significant difference in the intrinsic job satisfaction of males (Mean=5.14, Variance=0.61) and females (Mean=5.31, Variance=0.21), t = - 0.86, n. s. This information shows that males and females have the same intrinsic satisfaction. Therefore, managers may not need to favor one worker over the other based on their gender because internal motivation and satisfaction is just the same for both males and females. T test was conducted to determine if there is a difference in the extrinsic satisfaction of hourly and salaried employees. Table 2 shows that the p value is 0.61 which is greater than alpha. Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that salaried employees have a higher intrinsic job satisfaction than hourly employees. Specifically, there is no significant difference in the extrinsic job satisfaction of hourly (Mean=5.38, Variance=0.18) and salaried employees (Mean=5.48, Variance=0.36), t = - 0.52, n. s. Results of this investigation show that an employee’s position does not affect his or her extrinsic job satisfaction. Thus, managers do not need to hire more salaried employees (which will cost the company a higher compensation package) than hourly employees since paid overtime does not seem to be a factor in their job satisfaction. The Z test and the T test both aim to find if there is a significant difference in the mean values of two samples. However, the Z test makes use of the population’s variance and this value is almost never known thus, most researches use

College of Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

College of Policing - Essay Example If the College of Policing exploits its mandate and optimally committed to the realization of various roles as stipulated in the policy framework forming it, then there are so much to expect in terms of realizing the police professionalization and modernization agenda in policing. According to the Home Office, the governmental department in charge of policing and policing reforms is the College of Policing which will ensure that it safeguards public interest develops policing standards and also establish evidence of best policing practices (Home Office, 2012). It is from these duties that emphasis is seen to be in service delivery and a customer-centred approach to service delivery is to be adopted. These are the pillars of modernized policing. The need to step up best policing practices is quite prominent in these specified roles. It is important to note that the negative perception and lack of confidence in the police and by extension its systems in the UK have had the very little optimism of ever being redeemed. This tarnished image goes back decades and improving the image will require â€Å"less talk and more actions†. The institution has suffered from numerous allegations, ranging from lawlessness and its disregard for human rights to several other adverse claims. Take for instance the 1989 Hillsborough disaster where the police have been accused of not conducting themselves properly. It is alleged that testimonies were altered and reports indicate that quite a good number of those who died could have been saved. Compare this with the recent allegations made by the police watchdog that

Product Differentiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Differentiation - Essay Example In addition, the company sells original stereographs (Noel, and Glazer, 35). This new and interesting technology will open up a world of opportunity for Miss Woolpert and aid in expanding her business. Information will reach potential customers through testimonials of those who see the display in the public museum and will later be able to come full circle and grow TwinScope. TwinScope has quite a few targets that it hopes to attain. First, there are couples of thousands of members from various clubs. These may be the collectors of such products. Along those same lines, TwinScope hopes to target at least big institutions 37 such as museums, which will aid in increasing awareness of the stereographs. While these organizations occupy an estimate of close to 55% of the market share, Twin Scope will most likely be focusing on the niche market of stereograph club members (Sally, 118). Large-scale production of the stereograph needs various costs such as the fixed costs and variable costs. With the intended TwinScope plan of economy of scale the organization will need to have an estimated expenditure cost of $56,000 for raw materials and equipment. The large-scale production will reduce the cost of one unit by at least 10% (Donald, 39). The high degree of brand loyalty for stereoscope firms will require TwinScope to spend money on advertising the new ideology of a ‘hanging art piece’ to develop its own brand loyalty. Breaking through the barrier into museums also proves to be a very difficult task.

Philosophy of Existentialism :: Papers

Philosophy of Existentialism From what I understand reading Jean-Paul Sartre's work the Existentialism is philosophy that places emphasis on individual existence, subjectivism, and freedom of making choice. According to Sartre, Existentialism is philosophy that states that "if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence." It seems that Sartre's theory rests on this thesis that 'existence precedes essence' and therefore it should be basis for any further discussion or understanding of this philosophy. To prove this Sartre uses example of man or human being, he says that man first exist, where he is nothing, and then afterwards he defines himself, where he himself will have made what he will be. So if I understand this correctly this means that you need to have existence in order to have essence, so there is no predetermined 'true' thing, it has to already exist in order to become what it is. Therefore man is fully in charge of creating himself as a person, and creating his own future. Subjectivity is also important to Existentialism, and by subjectivity Sartre means that while choosing his own self, man also chooses all man. And he states this idea in this citation "to choose to be this or that is to affirm at the same time the value of what we choose, because we can never choose evil. We always choose the good, and nothing can be good for us without being good for all." I'm not sure if I can agree with this, because knowing myself, sometimes I consciously make decisions that I know are not good for everyone. But what I think Sartre is trying to say is that those passionate choices and actions that every individual makes, are influencing choices and actions of others. Third and last thing that makes up my definition of the Existentialism is freedom of choice. "The boy was faced with the choice of leaving for England joining the Free French forces-that is, leaving his mother behind-or remaining with his mother and helping her to carry on. He was fully aware that the woman lived only for him and that his going off-and perhaps his death-would plunge her into despair, whereas every effort he made toward going off and fighting was an uncertain move which might run aground and prove completely useless.

E-Marketing study notes

Owned Media: carry communication megs from the org to net users on owned channels(our site) Paid media: properties owned by others who are paid to carry promotional megs (advertising) Earned media: when Individual's conversations become the channel (WHOM) Media type Definition: Examples: The role Benefits Challenges OwnedChannel a brand controls Web site, mobile site, blob twitter account Build for LET RSI with existing potential customers and earn media Control, cost efficiency, longevity, versatility, niche audiences, build B image No guarantees, company communication not trusted, takes time to scale Paid Brand pays to leverage channel Display ads, paid search, sponsorship Shift from foundation to a catalyst that feeds owned and creates earned media In demand, immediacy, scale, controlClutter, declining response rates, poor credibility limited control Earned When customers become the channel WHOM, Buzz, viral Listen & respond – earned M Is result of well executed & coordinat ed owned/pall media Most credible, key role in most sales, transparent and lives on No control, can be negative, scale, hard to measure Owned media: Content marketing: strategy involving creating & publishing content on sites and in social media.Having content available to inform ,entertain and engage users when eek the company Companies organizing themselves as media publishers online All owned media is content Sell digital content on media (music software), accept Google Ad Sense and recover payments when click on ads. Websites: Marketing public relations (MR.) brand related actively & non paid, 3rd party media coverage to positively Influence market. DVD for using W to publish plus Info: low cost alternative, Info updated, can reach new prospects. Entertain, build communities, communication channel, provide info and

How to Hire a Research Paper Writer

How to Hire a Research Paper Writer How to Hire a Research Paper Writer It may be something that you dread, but during the course of your education, you will be required to write research papers. This is a big part of much of the grade in certain majors, so if you want to get the best grades possible, you will need to turn in excellent research papers. However, this may be a challenge sometimes because of all the work you have to do, along with your busy life and schedule. There may be times when you are not able to get all of your work done by yourself. This is when you should hire a research paper writer to write your paper for you. However, you need to know exactly how to do this. Where to Find Research Paper Writers You may wonder how you can get help with your research paper, but all you need to do is look online. There are plenty of experienced, professional freelance research paper writers available on one of the many academic paper writing sites online. Just do a relevant search for keywords that pertain to what you want, such as ‘research paper writers’ or ‘online academic paper writers.’ Just be sure to ask questions before you use any service, so that you will have an idea of their process. Hiring a Research Paper Writer As stated above, the most important thing to remember when hiring a professional  research paper writer online is choosing a writing site that will give you the best paper for your money. Check out the site’s FAQ and Policies sections. There you should find all of the relevant information that you need. Do not use a writing company online that does not let you know all of the information you need to know up front. Also, it is best to ask for a sample of work from the company, so that you can see the quality and style of the work produced. It is also a good idea to make sure they have a free revision policy, as well as a money-back guarantee, just in case you are dissatisfied with the paper you receive. If your research paper is lengthy, it is a good idea to have the writers do it in segments. This way you can pay as you go, until the paper is completely finished. If, during this time, you are dissatisfied with a segment, you can have another company do the remainder of the paper. After you have gathered information from the company and are satisfied with the answers to your questions and the sample you received, make your choice. Then, when you decide on a company, submit your order, and wait for delivery. It’s that simple.

Ethene essays

Ethene essays Distillation is the first step in the processing of crude oil and it takes place in a tall steel tower called a fractionation column. The inside of the column is divided at intervals by horizontal trays. The column is kept very hot at the bottom (the column is insulated) but as different hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures, the temperature gradually reduces towards the top, so that each tray is a little cooler than the one below. The crude needs to be heated up before entering the fractionation column and this is done at first in a series of heat exchangers where heat is taken from other process streams which require cooling before being sent to rundown. Heat is also exchanged against condensing streams from the main column. Typically, the crude will be heated up in this way upto a temperature of 200 - 280 0C, before entering a furnace. As the raw crude oil arriving contains quite a bit of water and salt, it is normally sent for salt removing first, in a piece of equipment called a desalter. Upstream the desalter, the crude is mixed with a water stream, typically about 4 - 6% on feed. Intense mixing takes place over a mixing valve and (optionally) as static mixer. The desalter, a large liquid full vessel, uses an electric field to separate the crude from the water droplets. It operates best at 120 - 150 0C, hence it is conveniently placed somewhere in the middle of the preheat train. When heavy oil fractions are passed in gas phase through a bed of powdered catalyst at a suitable velocity (0.1-0.7m/s), the catalyst and the gas form a system that behaves like liquid, i.e. it can flow from one vessel to another under the influence of a hydrostatic pressure. If the gas velocity is too low, the powder does not fluidise and it behaves like a solid. If velocity is too high, the powder will just be carried away with the gas. When the catalyst is properly fluidised, it can be continously transported from a reactor vessel, w...

Ceremonial Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ceremonial Speech - Essay Example He had constructed many historical buildings famous among them are the Robie House, Taliesin, Imperial Hotel Tokyo, Unity Temple in Oak Park and many more. During early life his family was frequently shifting from one place to another. When he was 12 years old he used to spend his summer with his mother’s family in Spring Green. He was an outdoorsy child and that is why he loved the natural beauty. His love for natural beauty is prominent in his construction designs. In 1885 he graduated from Public School in Madison and got enrolled in the University of Wisconsin at Madison to study civil engineering. His father divorced his mother and thus to finance his own fees and home expenses he started working with the dean of engineering department at the University. This Experience groomed his expertise and give him fruitful growth opportunities. (Biography.com, 2015) He had achieved a lot in his career but the best of him was two the Robie House and Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. First of which is Robie House which was constructed for Mr. Robie. This house is the symbol of natural beauty in simple design it has three levels i. The ground floor with lower roof top ii. Second level which contains kitchen and adjacent servant quarters that are separated with fire places, iii. Third Level that contains bed rooms this is made in such a way that the blaze of sun if required and intended could come inside and amuse the inhabitants this building is the sign of architectural excellency and that is why nowadays are open for visitors from all over the world. (En.wikiarquitectura.com, 2015) Second building that was constructed on the request of Japanese Emperor was The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. Frank was commissioned in 1915 for this project and after seven years this great building’s construction was completed. The construction of this building became the reason for his fame after the Great Kanto Earthquake of

The Greater Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Greater Freedom - Essay Example To address the intricacies arising from the freedom of expression, several considerations will be put in place. To begin with, the influence of the political class on judicial proceedings will be limited or completely prohibited. In China, Woodman (2015) asserts that the freedom of expression is accorded selectively depending on the social standing or due to the subjectivity of a powerful political figure. The judiciary is thus not autonomous, and prevalence of justice is sabotaged. Secondly, the government will be held accountable through democratic platforms. Margaritis (2013) illustrates how Greece protects the presidency against criticism by all means regardless of the position of the country. The author postulates that such provisions ought to be overturned to allow critics to express their opinions about the leadership of their country legally. Lack of questioning or critique of the government breeds corruption and other dubious deals whose burden and effects are borne by the c itizens. At the very least, these two approaches and foreign precedents are fundamental in strengthening the freedom of expression.Also, it will be beneficial to carry over the First Amendments into the new nation. This is because the amendments were made at a time when the United States was experiencing a lot of turbulence due to the then government’s discrimination against those who defied its rulings no matter how weird they were. It was during this period that the people were allowed to be affiliated with their religious groups of choice.

Applied Business Research-week 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Business Research-week 4 - Assignment Example Managers will not stop talking and researching about happiness at workplace for they understand that their clients will get satisfactory services, hence improving the corporation’s sales as happiness possessed by the workforce will effortlessly manipulate customers’ loyalty toward their products. Finally, get assured that many individuals have understood the importance happiness in workplace while others are yet to encounter its significance. Therefore, the talk about happiness will continue. In the article, the authors strive to define positive psychology as scientifically informed acuity on what make life worth living. The writers also tried to elucidate the derivation of positive psychology as they believe that it originated from Maslow book called motivational and personality of 1954. It was hypothesized in 1998 by Martin Seligman who realized that positive psychology has left out two things; helping people to live a productive and fulfilling lives and also nurture high aptitudes (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Positive psychology is anticipated to grow steadily and thus helping psychologist to better understand the society and thus using this new branch of psychology in resolving problems confronting humankind. The authors have also exposed how positive psychology is skillful at shaping vital conceptions to be used by individuals in asphyxiating impending problems. In conclusion, the authors have emphasized that people should synthesize on positive and negative life factors that they face in their daily lives thus using them to live a praiseworthy life. Employee morale significantly relate in fostering happiness in the workplace. Morale, certainly, is something that cannot be bought, but is attained within the working surroundings of an individual. Therefore, the same environment must be capable of providing opportunities where one is trusted, valued and respected. This is

Using a pendulum Essay Example for Free

Using a pendulum Essay To find the gravity by finding the period of the oscillations of a pendulum and plotting a graph. Hypothesis and Prediction: the gravity from the graph is going to equal the gravity from the formula. Variables: The independent variable is the length of the string The Dependent variable is the period of one oscillation Controlled variables are: mass of the pendulum Equipment: -Brass Ball -string -boss and clamp -stopwatch -2 metal blocks -Meter Ruler -Micrometer -The diameter of the brass ball was measured using a micrometer. Then the value was divided by 2 to give the radius.-the length of the string was measured -two metal block were clamped with the string in between, the string was tied to the bob -the bob was pulled to the side and released -the time was started when the bob passed the reference line. -a full oscillation is when the bob passes the reference line forth back and forth again. the length of the string is increased or decreased in a regular pattern the time was monitored by reading through the stopwatch. -the same brass ball was used over the experiment to keep the mass constant. the length was varied 10 times with a 10 cm difference. -4 readings were taken for each 10 cm -the time was taken for 20 oscillations. And then divided by 20 to give one oscillation. Data Collection: Table number Length of String / M i 0. 05 Number of oscillations Time Taken/s i 0. 5 Period/s i The table contains the length of the string in meters, the number of oscillations, the time per 20 oscillations and the period of one oscillation. As the length of the string deceases , the time for 1 oscillation decreases. So the length of the string is directly proportional to the period. Data Processing and presentation: Example in working out average period when the string is 1. 01 The graph is plotted with Average period squared against length of string. Y=3. 9244x-0. 0087 3. 9244=gradient. 3. 9244= (4(pi)^2)/g g = (4(pi)^2)/3. 9244 g=10. 060 from the graph. The average gravity from the formula= 100. 614/10= 10. 614 Conclusion: the results where very close to the prediction but they werent the same as the graph is a scatter diagram.-the result from the graph is more accurate as the graph cancels inaccurate measurements. Evaluation: -the method had weaknesses. -the angle of the pendulum to the reference line isnt the same in each reading which might cause a slight error. -the Air conditional may effect the pendulum; it may change its speed or change its direction. it is difficult to stop the stopwatch and start it in the reference line exactly which might induce error sometimes the ball tends to move in a circular motion and the experiment will have to be repeated.

Was The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Justified? Essay -- U.S. History

On August 6, 1945 the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. This was an extremely controversial military strategy in the United States. Was the United States justified in the dropping of the atomic bomb? The U.S. feared the rise of communism and gave aid to any country against it. The U.S. also fought countries threatening the spread communism. One of these countries was Japan. We began a harsh and brutal war against Japan and against communism. This war was killing many soldiers and Japan was not backing down. President Truman decided to use the atomic bomb when things were getting worse. The decision to use the atomic bomb was a difficult one and many people wonder if it was the right choice. When the United States caught word that Germany was close to creating the atomic bomb, J. Robert Oppenheimer and other scientists wanted to create it first, for the U.S. After three years of research, the first small atomic device was exploded on July 16, 1945 in the lab at Los Alamos. Having proved their concept worked, a larger scale bomb was built. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan (Rosenberg). There are many people who oppose the use of the atomic bombs; though there are some that believe it was a necessity in ending the war. President Truman realized the tragic significance of the atomic bomb and made his decision to use it to shorten the agony of young Americans (â€Å"Was the Atomic Bombing†). The president knew of the way the Japanese fought. They fought to the death and they were brutal to prisoners of war. They used woman and children as soldiers to surprise bomb the enemy. They made lethal weapons and were taught to sacr... ...t of physical as well as psychological damage was too great according to many people. Works Cited The Atomic Bomb. Evanston, Ill.: Nextext, 2000. Print. "Atomic Bomb-Truman Press Release-August 6, 1945." Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Web. 10 June 2010. . Chaitin, Julia, Aiko Swasa, and Dan Bar-On. "Life After The ATOMIC BOMB." USA Today Magazine Mar. 2007: 20-23. Points Of View Reference Center. Web. 4 June 2010. Rosenberg, Jennifer. "J Robert Oppenheimer - Biography of Manhattan Project Director J. Robert Oppenheimer." 20th Century History. Web. 10 June 2010. . "Was the Atomic Bombing of Japan Justifiable?" The Pacific War 1941-43. Web. 10 June 2010. .

AIDS: Research and Funding :: essays research papers

AIDS is slowly becoming the number one killer across the globe. Throughout numerous small countries, AIDS has destroyed lives, taken away mothers, and has left hopeless children as orphans. The problem remains that funding for the diseases’ medical research is limited to none. In the country Brazil, HIV/AIDS has been compared to the bubonic plague, one of the oldest yet, most deadly diseases to spread rapidly across Europe (Fiedler 524). Due to this issue, Brazil’s government has promised that everyone who has been diagnosed with either HIV or AIDS will receive free treatment; however, this treatment does not include help in purchasing HIV medications, that â€Å"carry astronomical price tags† (Fiedler 525). Generic drug companies have been able to produce effective HIV medications that are not as costly if compared to the prices given by the huge pharmaceutical companies. In contrast, the U.S. government has now intervened with these generic companies hindering them from making HIV medications, which may not be as efficient if made by the pharmaceutical companies. Not only are these drug companies losing thousands of dollars against generic drug companies, but also tremendous profit that is demanded for marketing these expensive drugs as well. â€Å"How many people must die without treatment until the companies are willing to lower their prices, or to surrender their patients so generic makers can enter market? (Fiedler 525).† With this question in mind, what ways can we eliminate the HIV/AIDS epidemic across the world? With research, education, testing, and funding we can prevent the spread of HIV to others and hopefully find a cure. Everyday researchers have proposed new methods of how to control the HIV virus from turning into AIDS. A combination of effective HIV medicines help stop the formation of new copies of HIV as it reproduces in your body. This technique helps to keep your CD-4 cell count up and your viral load down. CD-4 cells are one type of immune cells that assist to fight off the virus, the higher your count the stronger your immune system (Nakashima 77). Whereas, your viral load is a measure of HIV in your blood and your treatment goal is to have the lowest viral load possible. People with higher viral loads tend to progress to AIDS and become sick sooner than those with lower viral loads (Nakashima 80). Successful HIV medications can prevent other infections common with AIDS and can help you live longer.

Poetry and Happiness

In the poem, â€Å"Happiness†, the poet, Priscilla Leonard, illustrates for the reader that happiness cannot be contained and that one human cannot own all happiness. The poem happiness is about how to live life to the fullest. In the first two lines of the poem, †Happiness is a crystal/ fair and exquisite and clear† the feeling and emotion that the poet gives the reader, is peaceful and tranquil(1-2). Leonard throws a different perspective at the reader when she write ,†broken in a million pieces/shattered scattered far and near(4-5).The emotion has now been cut off. It is like an alarm clock to the reader. She goes onto say in the last part of the stanza that if one understands this and â€Å"now and then along life’s pathway/lo! Some shining fragments fall† and they are lucky enough to behold these pieces of happiness, they will experience great joy(5-6). Leonard writes that â€Å"there are so many pieces/ no one ever finds them all† t o say happiness is not bought, nor to be stolen, but it is to be earned, found, and given to one another(7-8). There are different pieces of happiness.Some pieces of happiness that Leonard says, are that â€Å"you may find a bit of beauty/or an honest share of wealth†(9-10). beauty and honest wealth are two things modern women wish to have and to be. Leonard being a woman might have placed these two elements of beauty to reach out to certain woman readers, so that they could relate to the poem. Leonard tells a tale about a neighbor, and how their greed got them no happiness, and no matter how much they searched and reached out to grab all happiness, it escaped their grasp.Before that she tells of the wise on their journey of life. She wrote that they â€Å"treasure every fragment clear/[and] fit them as they may together/imaging the shattered sphere†(17-19). The wise care about and realize that they are â€Å"to be ever thankful† even though their share of wisdo m is tiny, they understand that â€Å"it has so many pieces no one ever finds them all†(20,22-23). The wise know that their gift of happiness is being wise and that there are also many other great gifts in the world. There is, of course, a difference etween the fool and the wise. Once the fool receives a gift , he tries to get all he can. The wise get a gift and know to be satisfied with what they have, and not to wander around looking for more satisfaction. The wise, being wise imagine not just a sphere that the poet has put into context for u, but the true meaning of happiness. The reason why the author uses a crystal ball as a symbol for happiness is because a crystal seems fragile and priceless, but at the same time a sense of immortality.A crystal is treasured and admired by all who see it. Thieves and fools want it so they can have more pleasures. Respectable and wise people use it as a gift and are humble. Holding all happiness in your hands can have a strange effect t hough. Even some of the wisest men have fallen under its luring spell. Don’t be deceived by happiness, it is like a double-edged sword. If people would pay more careful attention to poets like Priscilla Leonard there might not be so many corrupted souls in the world.Happiness is not a toy that can be pulled out and played with, only to be lost when searching for more. Since happiness cannot be contained, but it can easily be destructive and lost. Treat it like a crystal; clear, true, and exquisite. When happiness seems to be out of reach, wait a little until some falls on your lap. Until then admire it as you would a passing cloud. This close reading has helped to take a step back and to realize the value of looking at life through a wide angled lens. And to not just look at happiness, but in all the elements of life.

chris torres life essays

chris torres life essays This Page contains certain events in my life that have changed me or that have affect my Life ~ Im Still here to fight the World that Tryz 2 Bring me Down~ I kno I Shouldnt even Write This But Wut the Hell Il call it my Autobiography that I will continue as time goez on.. For All the H8Erz Who Get DER Info From The Grape Vine REAd This If u Wanna Know Wuzup Instead of getting Shit all FuckEd up n Trying 2 Talk shit bout me ~Watch me live my heart writin words from my soul in blood~ This life story started on January 10, 1987 I was born to two young parents Eric age 17 Deanna age 16, Since Birth I was a statistic a baby boy born to two teen parents. The Statistics showed that my life would hold challenges for me. At the age 5 I was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia - most common type of leukemia in children under age 10. It was a cancer of the white blood cells, the cells in the body that normally fight infections. Having to Deal with this at a young age put a burden on me. To make the situation worse my parents decided to give up full custody of me that meant adoption, My grandparents took me in a small child with hope and dreams of a better day. It was weird for me because as soon as the adoption took place my father left to Louisianan And my mom lived down the Street from my grandparents. When I was older my parents started to come back into mylife.It has taken me so many years to become a member of their new families. I understand as a young man now that their actions benefited me. It has even more difficult having affiliations with family members who are part of La Eme. Im only 16,and yet I have seen it all from death and hard times to good times. I see my life as a road of challenges and I continue to struggle. Recently I have had to deal with socialistic Bullshit. To the people who hate on me You Dont Know me or my life story so dont judge me Thats for Go...

price and place Essays

price and place Essays price and place Essay price and place Essay Lecture 5: PRICE AND PLACE Price: Define the pricing concept and explain different pricing methods ( cost oriented, competitor oriented and market oriented pricing) -Explain pricing strategies for new products( market penetration and market skimming) AND existing products. ( Understand condition and when we can use it) -Consider ethical issue in pricing ( dont think it will be on the exam) PLACE: Define place(distripution) concept and explain the role of intermediaries in distribution channel Describe types of distribution channels Explain factors to consider in formulating channel strategy Consider ethical issues in distribution Past exam questions: 1 . Define two pricing strategies for new products: MARKET SKIMMING AND MARKET PENETRATION. List the conditions which are suitable for each of these strategies according y. Provide examples for each strategy. 2. Critically assess the benefits of two pricing strategies for new products: market skimming dn market penetration. Discuss which pricing method you would use and why in lunching the new phone and the game console PS4 PRICE: What will happen if we charge too much for a product o too little? If you charge too little, then you have to understand that demand fo a product or service could be igh, we will be losing a profit for the organization, and if you charge too much for a poduct we have to think about competitors, who can charge less than us. 1. Pricing Concept: Out of marketing mix(4Ps) Pice is the revenue earner. The other thee elements of the marketing mix product, promotion and place are costs. 2. THE DEMAND CURVE: In the demand curve we r talking about the product and the price relathionship. For example is you charge E50 FOR A particular t-shirt or Jeans , then the quantity in the market could be lets say 2000 units. If they decries the price from E50 to E30 then you xcept the demand fo the product to increase from Quantityl to quantity 2. And from 2000 units demand can be now 3000 units. By reducing the price from E50 to E30 we increased demand for pear of Jeans to go from 2000 to 3000 units. The products that we are buying at the supermarket when a huge sells promotion and then demand increased is and this is called PRODUCT AND PRICE ELASTILITYCY or we say that the price is elastic in this case. By increasing the price, we are not able to increase demand of the product. If you think about market with luxury objects like watch, increase in price not necessary impact increase in demand of this product. Even sometimes aecrles In prlce can sena negative signal to tne market. Example: the guitar producer; very high quality producer. When they decided to demand their prices of 30% send negative signal to the customers and the company suffered. There are also product which are price elastic. There are also other factors which demands: like promotion, if you talk about different region of the country, income levels per country, tradition, 3. PRICING METHODS: (strategies) -Cost Oriented Pricing: The simple pricing method takes into account all cost of producer product then we ad additional mark up. Two types are: Full Cost Pricing: pricing takes into account full cost of making product which can be fixed and variable and adds mark up. This can include fixed cost and also variable cost. Direct Cost Pricing: Calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases ( variable costs) -fixed costs: these costs dont change as output increases , for ex: office and manufacturing facilities. Variable costs: the cost that increases as output increases, for ex: raw materials, electricity. Lets assume that full cost of producing one pair of Jeans E50 (its included fixed cost as well variable cost), hen of to of them we want additional 20% so we happy to sell it fo E60 ( Elo OF Profit on each Jeans). Direct cost involved : we can only take in to account only variable cost; we ignore fixed cost. FULL COST PRICING: A DVANTAGES: By using full cost pricing we include all cost incurred , were would it be the fixed cost or variable cost. So it is gives an indication of the minimum price, needed to make a profit. If you dont charge the minimum price to make a profit then company will be making a lose It X has the constraint, we use other methods. AND this will be competetitive pricing as well marketing orientation price. If you dont consider all cost in the long term company will be making lose o could go bankrupt because if you dont cover all the cost in term it is difficult to make a profit and if you are not making a profit, you wont be able to cover the cost in the long term. CRITICISMS: Because its looks in a personal orientation rather than in external marketing orientation by charging a price, we are ignoring the customer willingness to pay. Lets assume that I develop a new product for example a laptop, and using a new software. Each laptop costs me E2000 to produce. How much profit I want to make Lets say 25%. Lets charge E500 more so my laptop is E2500. As a manufacturer I decide that I sell the laptop for E2500. It will be success? Everything depends on demand. Either the customers may be able to purchase the product and if they are willing to buy my product or not? E2500 may be too expensive and the customers will for another cheaper option. The second is followed strictly, leads to incise in price when demand falls. So when I produced my laptop it was E2000 this include fixed and variable cost; And every time demand falls for the laptop because is to expensive; And I need to still cover my fixed cost. facilities I use in the factory o fixed salary to my employees. So every time demand falls, for example I expected to sell 10. 000 units of my laptop, but I sold Just only 5000. So I still need to cover the fixed cost (for the factory, fixed salary and so on). So what happened is: the price for a product will increase because you want to cover more rather than chargingE 2. 500, now I need to cnarge Decause I nave more costs to cover so I need to cnarge E4000. When you think about it ,it doesnt make logical sense; from the market point of view because my product sold already because there is no much demand and nstead of reducing the price or changing some feature of the product you are increasing the price of the product to cover all my costs and the result will be that my company would go bankrupt. Is illogical because a Sales estimate is made before a price is set. Maybe problems in allocating overheads. The fixed cost for the organization is E50. OOO; I expect to produce 50 units and I expect to sell 50 units. So all those E50. OOO fixed cost each product will allocate EIOOO. It is difficult point of view because reality point of view we have competitors and the market acceptability of the product. And the last problem is: when I produce or example various product with in one organization it will be very difficult to allocate all head cost like electricity, rent and labour. Without to be technical what its means is when you have overhead cost such like rent, gas I will have to allocate those cost into each product. The where you allocate those costs actually will define how much the product will cost. And is very complex process, if you get it wrong some product may not be sale very well in the market , some good product actually could be pull out of the market because of the wrong allocation of the overall. DIRECT COST PRICING: Advantages: We ignore fixed cost we Just consider the variable cost; and direct cost relevant in producing one additional product in the manufacture facility. Why would I do it What are the advantages of ignoring the fixed cost Direct cost pricing avoid the problems of allocating the overhead; Indicates price up demand the problem because rather than allocating the fixed cost every time to a product we are putting in the side, we are only consider cost directly reverent to each unit of the product. Lowest price which allows the marketing people to identify the lowest price which makes sense to charge for the product. For example: If you think about Hotel or airline industry; there are some fixed cost there are also some variable cost. Airline ; ex: there are 200 seats every day on particular fly from London to Madrid. If there are 200 seats by rather we fly with 1 person or 200 people, the price, the fixed cost incurred will remain the same, but variable cost changes. For each ticket to fly we are charging E200, out of those E200, EIOO is a fixed cost (such as salary of the pilot, fuel, the charges we pay to the airport) and there are EIOO variable cost which is directly related to each passenger (the meals provided, drinks and so on). If you are the manager for this airline on the particular date only 10 people fly there will be very difficult to cover all cost. So you have dilemma and you know you cant charge E200 for a ticket, but what you can do , you can charge El 50 or E120. What does it allow us to do When we charge El 50 thats definitely covering the fixed cost, we cant do anything about it. But on top of that is also allowing us to earn what we call PROFIT MARGEN of E50. So when we sell the ticket for El 50, EIOO covers the all additional costs and variable costs and on the top of that we have E50 extra; this E50 wont cover nls Tull Tlxea cost, nowever Its covers some 0T tne Tlxea costs wnlcn Is DeneTlclal to the company. If we wont sell the tickets for a El 50 still for any lost seats on the airplane we are losing fixed EIOO (the fixed cost) So if you sell any ticket abo the EIOO it is benefitial. Criticisms: When business is buoyant, we have more demand for a product an it doesnt give any correct indication of optimum price customer is willing to pay because in this case we are charging low and actually price of the product; Using airline as a example, when we are charging direct cost pricing it can work only in the short term because if you se the strategy in the long term it means in the long term you are not covering your fixed cost and company in the future will be making significant loses SUmarazing the DIRECT COST PRICING it is a good strategy, but Just for a short time. PRICING METHODS: 1. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING : Our pricing depends on what the competitors charge. Going- rate pricing: when we thing that our product or service is not different in a particular market and doesnt have any differentiation and doesnt have any competitive advantages the company will accept going rate. For example raw materials like otton; if you buying particular product it can be the same , however competitors can provide additional services, for example: better customer service , it could provide better credit terms. Ex: REAL TED TO THE Steel stake holder Trummans, who sales steel. They have the same steel product sales to the customers ; one of the strategies Trummans uses to sales the steel to the large organizations, it develop strategy of delivering on the time and there was the price guaranty saying that if they dont deliver on the time they will give 10% of money back. This strategy was so successful for organizations. Producer they were willing to pay 5% more. Competitive bidding: This happens more often in business-to-business market (82B), when organization are selling products or services to another organization. One of the difficulties in competitive bidding; example NHS or school authorities decided to build 10th additional school and they want the other instruction companies in the I-JK to bid the contract. One of the challenges in competitive bidding is charge blind. You do your research, and then you charge. Usually the supplier will choose the lowest (most competitive) price. If you were working for a particular community who should decide ho should the build the school. What are the other factors you would consider? Factors apart from price we consider, how reliable is the construction company; what are the time frame, did they build schools before, do they have the skills, is there guaranty, and many other factors. 2. Marketing orientated pricing: its listens to the market and his strategy is obviously reflected in there. There are some key factors: a) Marketing strategy: when you thinking about pricing the product o service, each should be in line with the marketing strategy. For example when we launch a new product there are TWO STRATEGIES available to us: MARKET SKIMMING or PRICE PENETRATION and both of those methods could be use when we launch a new product. You cant use both in one time; you can use one or tne otner. Ana tnen It wlll nave tne marketing consequence. What is our positing strategy: when we are launching a new product our choice of target market and creating differentiation advantage, the value is delivered to the customes. For example: when first calculators were developed they had 3 key segments: they had engineers and scientists who pay high values to the calculator and accountants and bankers and general public. o for the first segment they charged E250 per calculator, when for general public when Casio entered the market was Elo or less. So managers should decided which target market they should concentrate on, and understand the values. When we think about Mercedes Case study, we look on over their sells to higher customers then and now they are increasing their segment, they are bringing modify versions of the cars which are bit cheaper to the high car segment. Merceds by producing different models, modify the versions of the models they are able to charge different prices and then attract the arger segments B)Price quality relationship: there is a relationship between price and the quality received by customer. Many people use the price as a indicator of the quality of the product or service. The study has shown that higher price of the cars presets higher quality. Ex: pills for the pain. They were two types of pills, one E2. 50 ,other EO. 50, but they were the same pills. But after research on customers , the consumers said that pills for E2. 50 were working better. Another example is trying the wine, test with 2 bottle of wine. c) Product Line pricing: you looking in existing roduct and you expending product range so you can charge different price ranges. For example, when you think about Apple, when they launched iPod shuffle for E50, when the iPod cost E250. By bringing the simple version of the iPod, you are attractive new segment, because there is a massive different between to pay E50 and E250. and this increase the revenue for the organization And profit. However, you need to be very careful by charging to little for the product to an attractive a new segment, and it can send it confusing message to the other segment. d) Negotiating margins: is where we expecting the price reduction. When we pay the price different from the list price. It can depend on getting large order, paying cash in developing countries which is an advantage. if the negotiating price is a part of the culture, of tradition; and those companies who are launching their product in this particular country should be it should take it this in to the count with their pricing strategy. d) Political factors: If you charge high prices and the public cry European commission can intervene, like for medicine products and childrens games. For example in the I-JK regulation off come had to reduce the prices like orange. If there is situation of monopoly and the only one organization provides the service or oligopoly,when we have few large players in the market , market should be tightly controlled by organizations which consider competition and protects their customers. For example if you think about recent out cry of increase prices of electricity and gas by 10%, so you have 6 large players in the I-JK market which dominate 95% of the market. So if they decide to increase the price by 10% those 6 organizations work together and is very difficult for the customers to go somewhere else because you dont have an option. Politician can entered and hold them for the price changes. e) Costs: what every we do in the market, in the future the price we charge should cover all cost consider, whatever it could be variable cost or fixed cost as such. f) Effect on OlstrlDutors/ retallers: wnen we use tne OlstrlDutors, Tor example IT you nave aalry product manufacturer and you sale your products through the supermarkets. In this case when you change the price, you need also consider rules of the retailers. For example, the Mullher yogurts, if you want to use penetration pricing distributors can refuse your product, it is not much profit to be made. ) Competition: in the market, you cannot operate in isolation. There are always other companies offering similar product or service. Your price is in one way or to other, and is related to your competitors. We need to understand who the competitors are. First, you have imitative competitors the competitors who are producing technically similar product. You can have secondary competitors : different product selling in the same way. h) Explicability: means that sells people to explain why they are charging particular price, specifically the higher price for product and service. They should be able to justify the price. Think about the Michelin tires, there are one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. As far as car manufacture is considered and being the largest in the market they also charge the premium price for the particular tires. If you are the car manufacturer you want to understand why are you paying the premium price. If they are able to explain why the price is high due specific technology to develop those particular tires, higher quality, the longer life of the product then obviously the manufacturer may be more willing to purchase the product and pay higher price than the competitors. i) Value to customer: it is very mportant to us to estimate what is the product value to the customer; because we can use various methods to assess their value to the customers as far as manufacture product is concerned. We can use different test to see how much customer is ready to pay for the product: 1. rade of analysis :it measure between the price and other product features which may impact the product preference; For example, by using the trade of analysis could it provide it different product features with different price range and could be asked what product they prefer. You can even do the test for a launching the ice cream. By applying trade of analysis you find what should be the optimal price and what qualities should be included in the product which are valued by customers. 2. Experimentation : when we have the particular product , lets say if you think about supermarkets they have hundreds of stores in the I-JK. When the launch a new product in a different location they can launch the same product with different prices i different location, to asses the customers reaction where they are happy to buy a product. They can decide for other stores what should be the price. When they do the experimentation , they can use ontrolled store experiment, they selct some stores and compeer ; for example if you have 300 stores you pick 50 of them and you launch the product and in other 250 you launch the product; then you compare the impact of the price change of those 50 to other 250 stores. . test marketing: works in the way if you have again 300 stores, rather than launching the product you can decided to pick up several stores to launch the product with the particular launching strategy and to see how it is performing as far as the pricing is concern you can make good decision of what should be the pricing, the strategy for the overall product of stores. 4. economic value analysis to the customers: ve ry important to 82B business. They consider the economic value of the product. Ex: Michelin tires . car manufactures purchasing tnelrs product, tney want to unaerstana wnat Is tne economic value 0T partlcular tire And what the duration of this product. for example you pay more, but last double time than the competitors product. PRICING NEW PRODUCT STRATEGIES MARKET SKIMMING: Marketing Skimming Pricing- is when we charge a high price to attract the least price sensitive market segments. We try to attract the market segments, which are not price sensitive. Many companies which invent a new product initially set high prices to skim the revenues layer by layer from the market because when they launch a new product there are not other product available in the market. Good example will be when digital cameras were first introduced they were selling for over E 1000 for the public and for around E 5000 for semi professional. In 2003 when Canon introduced similar cameras but they were priced less than EIOOO they sold 1. billion units in a year because was huge demand. Another good example will be when Sony launched first HD TV in 1990s the price was E30. OOO per TV, and now around E500. There are 7 key factors which should be applicable when we use the skimming market: what we need to take toa count for a particular organization it doesnt need to be all 7 conditions, it could be some of the conditions met. 1. Product provides high value: If the product provides high value you can charge the premium price. But what you need to take to a count is high value could be due functional compatibility of the product; for example, better design, better material, better technology, but also could be some sociological value when you buy a perfume roduct like Chanel, is more a sociological value than the functional value. 2. Customers have high ability to pay: If the customers are not able to buy the product it is very difficult to sell it. For example when you launch the product in the development countries your product could be offer a very high quality , you may have very high demand for a product. However, you cant launch the product using skimming strategy if the income of those people does not allow to buy your product 3. Consumer and bill payer are different: For example hotels. Hotels can charge premium price during the weekdays where mostly business people stay in the hotel. However, on the weekends they can charge much lower prices for the families. During the business needs , the company is more than happy to pay a premium price and the people dont pay for the room, the company that they work for them. The same with the trains, in the morning they charge more, because they now that professional are going to work. 4. Lack of competition: in extreme case you will have the monopoly and there is one large organization in the particular market and where is no competitor you can charge a premium price, because customers they dont have any option, for example the gas/oil company. 5. Excess demand: limited amount of supply and the price for the product goes up. 6. High pressure to buy: in case of emergency customers are happy to pay more for the product o service. For example, the airplanes companies, they pay more for the urgent repairs.. Because where is the problem at the airport territorial and they need and urgent repair. The cost of the urgent situation they will pay the premium price. 7. Switching costs: it could be very expensive Tor me to cnange my product needs Trom one suppller to anotner. IT you think about an organization, lets say if you are particular retail bank and you already nvested millions of pounds in your IT system and you are using lets say windows operating system and on the top of that you are investing rather on other program. Lets say windows 8 and related problems and as a organization you are not happy with your windows operating system; at the same time changing the windows operating system you need to consider the switching cost, money already invested. Changing the operating system can be very expensive( training the stuff and so on). Switching the mobile phones for example from iphone to Samsung, and you have at home your music system that works with the iphone, but doesnt work with the Samsung mobile. So this may be expensive, because you may have to buy a new music system suitable for a Samsung. PRICING NEW PRODUCTS STRATEGIES MARKET PENETRATION PRICING: MARKET PENETRATION PRICING we use aggressively low price to gain volume and market share. Companies can set a initial low price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers in the market and have large market share. Once the market share is won, organisation may decide to increase the price which happens in most of the times. There are 6 conditions 1. Only feasible alternative: For example if you have a product, which is not so ifferent to competitors product in the market and you want to launch this product you have to go to competitive launch pricing. You try to charge similar price as your competitors or you charge less price to attract more customers. 2. Market penetration or domination: some companies use market penetration or domination strategy to gain the market share. For example, insurance company the Direct Line was launch , aggressively challenge all insurance companies because they offer direct services . And now they are the market leader for home and auto- insurance. 3. Experience curve effect/ low costs: example for higher product which uses market penetration and domination strategy by charging market penetration prices. High quality product you charge lower price , penetration pricing once you have the market share then you increase the price. Good example will be the Mercedes company in the US market in 1967. When they entered the market in the US the Mercedes wasnt known for the quality. They charged much lower price in 1967 to attract more customers, to let customers know. hat good quality cars they were producing. By 1982 the Mercedes doubled the price. if you increase output of the roduct, the cost reduces. If the production double then the cost of producing the product reduces by 20%. The larger corporations which they have high production facilities they can significantly reduce their prices so they have better market competitive advantage to bit the competitors. For examp le, Intel due to the large market share (80%) when they were challenged by smaller company AMD, due to the cost advantages of Intel they could reduce the price up to 60%. Within 6 weeks they defeated the competitor. Because the Itel was already making the huge profit, they could manipulate the prices to bit the competitors. . Make money later or elsewhere: Make money later- when you make a product you are happy to not making any profit Tor tne product you sell, out tnen agaln you wlll make money later on selling additional product. For example the printers. You buy the printer for E30 and then you run of the ink, so you need to buy a new ink for your printer. So if you buy a new one you must buy ink for a particular printer. And then you have to pay some like E40/50, Those companies make more money on selling the inks for the printers than on actually printers. The other example will be the Gillette company with theirs razors. They make more money on razors than on blades. They make 5% on the razors, and 95% is coming from the blades. Make money elsewhere for those who drive the cars so you need a petrol, sometimes supermarket who sells the petrol doesnt make money, but they work as a trigger to attractive people to make the shopping. . Barrier to entry: If you have already low price, it can be difficult for competitors to enter , example : easy Jet and Rainair. They have already large market share they allow to manipulate the market, as at the same time it will be very difficult for a new companies to enter to bit them with the prices. . Predation: is when you artificially reduce price to put you other competitors out of the business. Once you get rid of you competitors then you increase the price for your product. Microsoft was accused for predation, when they banded 3 software such as internet browser and Media Player with his best selling windows operating system. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH STRATEGY: High Rapid skimming Slow skimming Rapid penetration Slow penetration PROMOTION Low PRICE Rap10 SKImmlng ana Slow sKlmmlng: we cnarge tne premium prlce, promotlon could be high as well or promotion could be low, when we call a slow skimming. RAPID SKIMMING- when we charge a lot of money for the product and spend a lot of on promotion. For example Nike or Adidas: they spend significant amount money on promotion. However, there are some companies whose not spending money on promotion. For example, the Rolls-Royce company , they are expensive, but they dont spend money on promotion because this is very well know brand. The same the Swiss watches. PENETRATION PRICING : THE price is low but we can spend huge amount of money on promotion or lower amount of money on promotion. RAPID PENETRATION: in this case we spend a lot of money on promotion but the price is low. When you think about easy Jet and Rayanair when they spend significant amount of money to promote the cheapest fly. SLOW PENETRATION STRATEGY: when we say the price is low but we dont spend any money on promotion. Especially if we have on label brand , any supermarket ; asda fines wines, etc. PRICING EXISTING PRODUCTS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES BUILD OBJECTIVE: and e want to increase the market then it would depend whatever on price sensitive market so price lower than competitors. If the price is insensitive then pricing, strategy depends on positioning strategy; for example, sometimes increasing the price could be a etter strategy, depending where you are in the market. Example Luis Vuitton when during Christmas they were struggling with the supplier with their particular bags they did increase the price by 20%. This increase made that people were even more interested to buy the bags. In this situation added value to the brand . HOLD OBJECTIVES: (HOLD SALES/ MARKET SHARE): we are protecting our market share. we dont want to increase our market share but in the same time we dont want to reduce it. Everything depends on how on competitors are doing. Supermarkets: the biggest 6 have their shares and they dont want any other to enter. If Tesco starts the war of reducing the prices then Asda would follow AND THE same strategy would by follow buy other. So they are fghting with each other to make sure they wont lose their position in the market share. HARVEST OBJECTIVE ( MAINTAIN OR RAISING PROFIT MARGINS EVEN THOUGH SALES/ MARKET SHARE FALLING) : when we serve one segment and we want to move to other segment. Reposition the existing product. Ex: Skoda cars, they had to reposition their product, because few years ago their cars were cheap, bad quality. Once Skoda repositioned their segment they became one of the top sellers in the western Europe. PLACE ( DISTRIBUTION)